This graph illustrates how the probability of neutrino interactions (cross-section) varies with their energy. Notably:

• Low Energy (<1 GeV): Cross-sections are minimal, indicating neutrinos rarely interact.

• Intermediate Energy (1–10 GeV): There’s a significant increase in interaction probability.

• High Energy (>10 GeV): The cross-section continues to rise, though the rate of increase may vary depending on the interaction type.

Average Energy of Neutrinos by Source

• Solar neutrinos: ~0.1 to 10 MeV (average ~0.5 MeV)
• Atmospheric neutrinos: ~100 MeV to several GeV (average ~1 GeV)
• Supernova neutrinos: ~10 to 50 MeV
• Reactor neutrinos: ~2 MeV
• Cosmic neutrino background: ~10⁻⁴ eV

What Happens if a Neutrino Interacts with a Human?

• ~100 trillion solar neutrinos pass through your body every second.
• Almost none interact — they pass through atoms unimpeded.
• If interaction occurs (via weak force), it might:
  • Scatter off a nucleon or electron
  • Produce a lepton (electron or muon)
  • Cause nuclear recoil or Cherenkov radiation
• These effects are harmless and extremely rare.

Neutrino Interaction Cross-Section vs. Energy

Source: Wikimedia Commons – Log-log plot of neutrino interaction cross-section vs. energy

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